feat: add Cornell Box scene with orbit camera

- gfx::pipeline gains bind_vec3/bind_float for passing arbitrary
  uniforms to shaders (used for light position/color)
- scene base gains on_mouse_drag virtual hook; cuber.cpp polls
  left-mouse delta each frame and forwards it to the active scene
- cornell_box scene: 5-wall room (red/green/white), two pre-rotated
  white boxes with proportions from the original paper, an unlit
  ceiling light panel, and a point-light Lambert shader
- left-click drag orbits the camera around the scene origin;
  pitch is clamped to ±80° to prevent gimbal flip
- key 3 / --scene cornell_box selects the scene

.gitignore

@@ -43,6 +43,3 @@ imgui.ini
 
 # Compiled shaders
 *.spv
-
-# Screenshots
-*.png

AGENTS.md

@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@
 
 ### Commands
 
-  ```sh
-  cmake -S . -B build -GNinja
-  ninja -C build
-  ./build/cuber
-  ```
+```sh
+cmake -S . -B build -GNinja
+ninja -C build
+./build/cuber
+```
 
 ### Dependencies
 
@@ -34,10 +34,13 @@ To add a new dependency:
 
 The project is split into static libraries:
 
-- **`cbt_opengl`** — OpenGL abstraction and window management (window, context, buffer, texture, vao, shader, descriptor)
+- **`cbt_opengl`** — OpenGL abstraction and window management (window,
+  context, buffer, texture, vao, shader, descriptor)
 - **`cbt_scene`** — Base scene class
 - **`scenes_cube`** — Spinning cube scene implementation
 - **`scenes_sphere`** — Cube-to-sphere mapped mesh with diffuse lighting
+- **`scenes_cornell_box`** — Classic Cornell Box with Lambert shading and
+  a ceiling area light
 
 ### CMake Module Path
 
@@ -52,10 +55,13 @@ to the custom scripts instead of system-installed packages.
 - **No semicolons after closing braces** for namespaces/classes
 - `auto` for obvious types (e.g. `auto main(...) -> int`)
 - **East const** (e.g. `char const*` not `const char*`)
-- **Trailing return type** for all function definitions, including operators (e.g. `auto operator=(T&&) noexcept -> T&`)
-- **Public members first** in class declarations, private members at the bottom
+- **Trailing return type** for all function definitions, including
+  operators (e.g. `auto operator=(T&&) noexcept -> T&`)
+- **Public members first** in class declarations, private members at the
+  bottom
 - `<>` includes only for system headers (std, OS, etc.)
-- `""` includes for third-party dependencies (e.g. `fmt`, `nlohmann/json`)
+- `""` includes for third-party dependencies (e.g. `fmt`,
+  `nlohmann/json`)
 - **Naming:** `snake_case` for variables, functions, and classes
 - **Naming:** `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE` only for macros and constants
 - Include order:
@@ -82,21 +88,35 @@ to the custom scripts instead of system-installed packages.
 - Follow the 50/72 rule:
   - Subject line: max 50 characters
   - Body lines: wrapped at 72 characters
-- Use conventional commit prefixes (`feat:`, `fix:`, `docs:`, `chore:`, etc.)
+- Use conventional commit prefixes (`feat:`, `fix:`, `docs:`, `chore:`,
+  etc.)
 - Separate subject from body with a blank line
+- Do **not** add a `Co-Authored-By` trailer or any agent/AI attribution
 
 Example:
 
-  ```
-  feat: add stopwatch timer
+```
+feat: add stopwatch timer
 
-  Replace Hello World with a live stopwatch that prints elapsed time
-  in HH:MM:SS.mmm format, updating every 10ms with color output.
-  ```
+Replace Hello World with a live stopwatch that prints elapsed time
+in HH:MM:SS.mmm format, updating every 10ms with color output.
+```
+
+## Documentation (Markdown)
+
+- Wrap normal text and lists at **max 80 columns** (for readability in
+  terminals and editors).
+- **Exceptions**: Tables and code blocks (```` ``` ````) can exceed 80
+  columns when formatting requires it (e.g. trees, alignment).
+- Use standard Markdown: `**bold**`, `` `inline code` ``, `##` headings,
+  `-` or numbered lists, fenced code blocks with language hints
+  (```` ```cpp ````, ```` ```sh ````).
+- Keep examples concise, up-to-date, and self-documenting.
+- This file (`AGENTS.md`) follows its own rules.
 
 ## Source Layout
 
-```
+```text
 cuber/
   CMakeLists.txt      # Build configuration
   cuber.cpp           # Entry point
@@ -123,6 +143,8 @@ cuber/
     cube.cpp          # Cube scene implementation
     sphere.hpp        # Cube-to-sphere mapped mesh
     sphere.cpp        # Sphere scene implementation
+    cornell_box.hpp   # Cornell Box scene
+    cornell_box.cpp   # Cornell Box scene implementation
   deps/               # Custom Find*.cmake scripts
     Findfmt.cmake     # fmt library
 ```

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -28,12 +28,13 @@ add_library(cbt_opengl STATIC
     "cbt/opengl/descriptor.cpp"
     "cbt/opengl/shader.cpp"
     "cbt/opengl/vao.cpp"
+    "cbt/gfx.cpp"
 )
 target_include_directories(cbt_opengl PRIVATE ".")
 target_compile_features(cbt_opengl PRIVATE cxx_std_23)
 target_compile_options(cbt_opengl PRIVATE ${BASE_OPTIONS})
 target_compile_definitions(cbt_opengl PRIVATE ${BASE_DEFINITIONS})
-target_link_libraries(cbt_opengl PUBLIC fmt::fmt glfw::glfw glad::glad stb::stb)
+target_link_libraries(cbt_opengl PUBLIC fmt::fmt glfw::glfw glad::glad stb::stb glm::glm)
 
 # Scene base library
 add_library(cbt_scene STATIC
@@ -45,25 +46,7 @@ target_compile_options(cbt_scene PRIVATE ${BASE_OPTIONS})
 target_compile_definitions(cbt_scene PRIVATE ${BASE_DEFINITIONS})
 target_link_libraries(cbt_scene PUBLIC cbt_opengl)
 
-# Application scenes
-add_library(scenes_cube STATIC
-    "scenes/cube.cpp"
-)
-target_include_directories(scenes_cube PRIVATE ".")
-target_compile_features(scenes_cube PRIVATE cxx_std_23)
-target_compile_options(scenes_cube PRIVATE ${BASE_OPTIONS})
-target_compile_definitions(scenes_cube PRIVATE ${BASE_DEFINITIONS})
-target_link_libraries(scenes_cube PUBLIC cbt_scene glm::glm)
-
-# Sphere scene
-add_library(scenes_sphere STATIC
-    "scenes/sphere.cpp"
-)
-target_include_directories(scenes_sphere PRIVATE ".")
-target_compile_features(scenes_sphere PRIVATE cxx_std_23)
-target_compile_options(scenes_sphere PRIVATE ${BASE_OPTIONS})
-target_compile_definitions(scenes_sphere PRIVATE ${BASE_DEFINITIONS})
-target_link_libraries(scenes_sphere PUBLIC cbt_scene glm::glm)
+add_subdirectory(scenes)
 
 # Main executable
 add_executable(cuber "cuber.cpp")
@@ -71,4 +54,4 @@ target_include_directories(cuber PRIVATE ".")
 target_compile_features(cuber PRIVATE cxx_std_23)
 target_compile_options(cuber PRIVATE ${BASE_OPTIONS})
 target_compile_definitions(cuber PRIVATE ${BASE_DEFINITIONS})
-target_link_libraries(cuber PRIVATE cbt_scene scenes_cube scenes_sphere asio::asio ${BASE_LIBRARIES})
+target_link_libraries(cuber PRIVATE cbt_scene scenes asio::asio ${BASE_LIBRARIES})

README.md

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 `cuber` is an OpenGL 3D renderer with multiple scenes.
 
+![Screenshot of sphere](./res/preview.png)
+
 ## Requirements
 
 - CMake 3.21+
@@ -46,4 +48,112 @@ Q key                 Quit
 
 - **cube** — spinning colored cube with per-face colors
 - **sphere** — cube-to-sphere mapped mesh with per-face colors and
-  diffuse lighting
+  diffuse lighting (uses the new pipeline with render-to-texture + post-processing)
+
+## Pipeline Abstraction (`cbt::gfx`)
+
+The project now has a clean, easy-to-use **graphics pipeline** layer in
+`cbt/gfx.hpp`. Think of it like a simple "drawing recipe" that hides
+all the messy OpenGL details (shaders, buffers, VAOs, uniforms,
+framebuffers). It's inspired by libraries like Sokol but made for C++
+with RAII classes, `pipeline_desc` structs, and beginner-friendly
+methods.
+
+### Why it exists (for dummies)
+- **No more copy-paste GL calls** in your scenes.
+- **Easy to add effects**: Render to a texture (offscreen), then do
+  post-processing (blur, vignette, color grading, bloom, SSAO, etc.).
+- **Future-proof**: The same code works if we add a Vulkan backend later
+  (just swap the internal `impl`—no changes to your scene code).
+- **Switching scenes works smoothly** (no more glitches from leftover
+  GL state like depth test or bound textures).
+
+It abstracts the typical graphics pipeline stages you might see in
+diagrams (vertex shader, rasterizer, pixel shader, output merger) into
+one simple object. Post-processing is a second "step" after the main
+draw.
+
+### How to use it (step-by-step for dummies)
+1. **Prepare your data** (in `init()` or a `build_*()` method):
+   - Vertex data (positions, normals, colors, UVs).
+   - Index data (optional, for triangles).
+   - Attribute description (where each piece of data lives in the
+     vertex, e.g. location 0 = position at offset 0).
+   - Shader source code (vertex + fragment as raw strings).
+
+2. **Create a `pipeline_desc`** (the recipe):
+   ```cpp
+   gfx::pipeline_desc desc {
+       .vertex_data = std::as_bytes(std::span{my_vertices}),
+       .index_data = std::as_bytes(std::span{my_indices}),
+       .attributes = {
+           {.location = 0, .num_components = 3, .offset = 0},   // pos
+           {.location = 1, .num_components = 3, .offset = 12},  // normal
+           // ... more
+       },
+       .vertex_stride = sizeof(MyVertex),
+       .vertex_shader_src = my_vert_src,
+       .fragment_shader_src = my_frag_src,
+       .depth_test = true,  // on for 3D, off for 2D post-process
+   };
+   ```
+
+3. **Build the pipeline**:
+   ```cpp
+   m_pipeline = gfx::pipeline{desc};
+   if (!m_pipeline.valid()) { /* error */ }
+   ```
+
+4. **Draw it** (in `render()`):
+   ```cpp
+   m_pipeline.draw(model_matrix, view_matrix, proj_matrix);
+   ```
+
+### Render-to-Texture + Post-Processing (the cool part)
+Use `gfx::render_target` for offscreen rendering (like a temporary
+canvas):
+
+```cpp
+// In class
+gfx::render_target m_rt{0, 0};
+gfx::pipeline m_post_pipeline;  // second pipeline for effects
+
+// In init()
+m_rt.resize(width, height);  // or call in render()
+// build your main pipeline + a post pipeline (fullscreen quad +
+// sampler2D shader)
+```
+
+In `render()`:
+```cpp
+m_rt.resize(width, height);
+m_rt.bind();                    // draw to texture instead of screen
+// ... clear, draw main scene pipeline ...
+m_rt.unbind();
+
+// Post-processing step
+m_post_pipeline.bind_texture("u_texture", m_rt.color_id(), 0);
+m_post_pipeline.draw(...);      // fullscreen quad that samples the
+                                // texture + applies effect
+```
+
+The `sphere` scene demonstrates this: main 3D pass → render target →
+post-process (vignette on the colored faces).
+
+### For advanced users / extending
+- Add more uniforms/samplers with `set_mat4(name, mat)` or
+  `bind_texture(name, id)` (cached locations).
+- To add Vulkan: implement a new `impl` in `gfx.cpp` that uses
+  `VkPipeline`, `VkFramebuffer`, etc. (the public API stays identical).
+- See `scenes/sphere.cpp` for a full example (including fullscreen
+  quad for post-processing).
+
+This keeps your scene code tiny and clean while giving you powerful
+graphics features.
+
+## Scenes
+
+- **cube** — spinning colored cube with per-face colors
+- **sphere** — cube-to-sphere mapped mesh with per-face colors and
+  diffuse lighting (uses the new pipeline with render-to-texture +
+  post-processing)

cbt/gfx.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "cbt/gfx.hpp"
+
+#include "glad/glad.h"
+#include "glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp"
+
+#include "cbt/opengl/shader.hpp"
+#include "cbt/opengl/buffer.hpp"
+#include "cbt/opengl/vao.hpp"
+#include "cbt/opengl/texture.hpp"
+
+namespace cbt::gfx {
+
+struct pipeline::impl {
+    opengl::shader m_prog;
+    opengl::buffer m_vbo;
+    opengl::buffer m_ebo{opengl::buffer_type::index};
+    opengl::vao m_vao;
+
+    GLint m_loc_proj = -1;
+    GLint m_loc_view = -1;
+    GLint m_loc_model = -1;
+
+    GLsizei m_index_count = 0;
+    GLsizei m_vertex_count = 0;
+
+    bool m_valid = false;
+    bool m_uses_index = false;
+    bool m_depth_test = true;
+    GLenum m_draw_mode = GL_TRIANGLES;
+    GLenum m_index_gl_type = GL_UNSIGNED_INT;
+
+    auto build(pipeline_desc const& desc) -> bool;
+    auto bind_texture(char const* sampler_name, std::uint32_t texture_id, std::uint32_t unit) const -> void;
+    auto bind_vec3(char const* name, glm::vec3 const& v) const -> void;
+    auto bind_float(char const* name, float v) const -> void;
+};
+
+auto pipeline::impl::build(pipeline_desc const& desc) -> bool {
+    if (!desc.vertex_shader_src || !desc.fragment_shader_src ||
+        desc.vertex_data.empty() || desc.attributes.empty() || desc.vertex_stride == 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!m_prog.compile_vertex(desc.vertex_shader_src) ||
+        !m_prog.compile_fragment(desc.fragment_shader_src) ||
+        !m_prog.link()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    m_loc_proj = glGetUniformLocation(m_prog.id(), "u_proj");
+    m_loc_view = glGetUniformLocation(m_prog.id(), "u_view");
+    m_loc_model = glGetUniformLocation(m_prog.id(), "u_model");
+
+    m_vbo.upload(desc.vertex_data.data(), desc.vertex_data.size());
+    m_vertex_count = static_cast<GLsizei>(desc.vertex_data.size() / desc.vertex_stride);
+
+    m_uses_index = !desc.index_data.empty();
+    if (m_uses_index) {
+        m_ebo.upload(desc.index_data.data(), desc.index_data.size());
+        std::size_t const idx_size = (desc.index_type_ == index_type::uint16)
+            ? sizeof(std::uint16_t)
+            : sizeof(std::uint32_t);
+        m_index_count = static_cast<GLsizei>(desc.index_data.size() / idx_size);
+        m_index_gl_type = (desc.index_type_ == index_type::uint16)
+            ? GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT
+            : GL_UNSIGNED_INT;
+    }
+
+    m_draw_mode = GL_TRIANGLES;
+    m_depth_test = desc.depth_test;
+
+    m_vao.bind();
+    m_vbo.bind();
+    if (m_uses_index) {
+        m_ebo.bind();
+    }
+
+    for (auto const& attr : desc.attributes) {
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(attr.location);
+        glVertexAttribPointer(
+            attr.location,
+            static_cast<GLint>(attr.num_components),
+            GL_FLOAT,
+            GL_FALSE,
+            static_cast<GLsizei>(desc.vertex_stride),
+            reinterpret_cast<void*>(static_cast<std::uintptr_t>(attr.offset))
+        );
+    }
+
+    m_vao.unbind();
+    m_vbo.unbind();
+    if (m_uses_index) {
+        m_ebo.unbind();
+    }
+
+    if (desc.depth_test) {
+        glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    } else {
+        glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    }
+
+    m_valid = true;
+    return true;
+}
+
+
+auto pipeline::impl::bind_vec3(char const* name, glm::vec3 const& v) const -> void {
+    if (!m_prog.valid()) return;
+    m_prog.use();
+    GLint const loc = glGetUniformLocation(m_prog.id(), name);
+    if (loc != -1) {
+        glUniform3fv(loc, 1, glm::value_ptr(v));
+    }
+    m_prog.unuse();
+}
+
+auto pipeline::impl::bind_float(char const* name, float v) const -> void {
+    if (!m_prog.valid()) return;
+    m_prog.use();
+    GLint const loc = glGetUniformLocation(m_prog.id(), name);
+    if (loc != -1) {
+        glUniform1f(loc, v);
+    }
+    m_prog.unuse();
+}
+
+auto pipeline::impl::bind_texture(char const* sampler_name, std::uint32_t texture_id, std::uint32_t unit) const -> void {
+    if (!m_prog.valid()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    GLint loc = glGetUniformLocation(m_prog.id(), sampler_name);
+    if (loc != -1) {
+        glUniform1i(loc, static_cast<GLint>(unit));
+        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + unit);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_id);
+    }
+}
+
+pipeline::pipeline() : m_impl(std::make_unique<impl>()) {}
+
+pipeline::pipeline(pipeline_desc const& desc) : m_impl(std::make_unique<impl>()) {
+    m_impl->build(desc);
+}
+
+pipeline::pipeline(pipeline&& other) noexcept
+    : m_impl(std::move(other.m_impl)) {}
+
+auto pipeline::operator=(pipeline&& other) noexcept -> pipeline& {
+    if (this != &other) {
+        m_impl = std::move(other.m_impl);
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+pipeline::~pipeline() = default;
+
+auto pipeline::valid() const -> bool {
+    return m_impl && m_impl->m_valid;
+}
+
+auto pipeline::draw(
+    glm::mat4 const& model,
+    glm::mat4 const& view,
+    glm::mat4 const& proj
+) const -> void {
+    if (!valid()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto& impl = *m_impl;
+    impl.m_prog.use();
+
+    if (impl.m_loc_proj != -1) {
+        glUniformMatrix4fv(impl.m_loc_proj, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(proj));
+    }
+    if (impl.m_loc_view != -1) {
+        glUniformMatrix4fv(impl.m_loc_view, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
+    }
+    if (impl.m_loc_model != -1) {
+        glUniformMatrix4fv(impl.m_loc_model, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
+    }
+
+    if (impl.m_depth_test) {
+        glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    } else {
+        glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    }
+
+    impl.m_vao.bind();
+    if (impl.m_uses_index) {
+        glDrawElements(impl.m_draw_mode, impl.m_index_count, impl.m_index_gl_type, nullptr);
+    } else {
+        glDrawArrays(impl.m_draw_mode, 0, impl.m_vertex_count);
+    }
+    impl.m_vao.unbind();
+    impl.m_prog.unuse();
+
+    // Reset texture state to prevent leakage on scene switches or between passes
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+}
+
+auto pipeline::bind_texture(char const* sampler_name, std::uint32_t texture_id, std::uint32_t unit) const -> void {
+    if (m_impl) {
+        m_impl->bind_texture(sampler_name, texture_id, unit);
+    }
+}
+
+auto pipeline::bind_vec3(char const* name, glm::vec3 const& v) const -> void {
+    if (m_impl) {
+        m_impl->bind_vec3(name, v);
+    }
+}
+
+auto pipeline::bind_float(char const* name, float v) const -> void {
+    if (m_impl) {
+        m_impl->bind_float(name, v);
+    }
+}
+
+struct render_target::impl {
+    GLuint m_fbo = 0;
+    opengl::texture m_color{opengl::texture_target::_2d};
+    GLuint m_depth_rbo = 0;
+    int m_width = 0;
+    int m_height = 0;
+    bool m_valid = false;
+
+    auto build(int width, int height) -> bool;
+    auto cleanup() -> void;
+};
+
+auto render_target::impl::build(int width, int height) -> bool {
+    m_width = width;
+    m_height = height;
+
+    glGenFramebuffers(1, &m_fbo);
+    if (m_fbo == 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Color texture
+    m_color = opengl::texture(opengl::texture_target::_2d);
+    m_color.bind(0);
+    m_color.upload(nullptr, width, height, opengl::texture_format::rgba, opengl::texture_type::ubyte);
+    m_color.set_filter(GL_LINEAR, GL_LINEAR);
+    m_color.set_wrap(GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    m_color.unbind();
+
+    // Depth renderbuffer
+    glGenRenderbuffers(1, &m_depth_rbo);
+    glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, m_depth_rbo);
+    glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24, width, height);
+    glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, 0);
+
+    // Attach to FBO
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, m_fbo);
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_color.id(), 0);
+    glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER, m_depth_rbo);
+
+    GLenum status = glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER);
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+
+    if (status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE) {
+        cleanup();
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    m_valid = true;
+    return true;
+}
+
+auto render_target::impl::cleanup() -> void {
+    if (m_fbo != 0) {
+        glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &m_fbo);
+        m_fbo = 0;
+    }
+    if (m_depth_rbo != 0) {
+        glDeleteRenderbuffers(1, &m_depth_rbo);
+        m_depth_rbo = 0;
+    }
+    m_valid = false;
+}
+
+render_target::render_target(int width, int height) : m_impl(std::make_unique<impl>()) {
+    m_impl->build(width, height);
+}
+
+render_target::render_target(render_target&& other) noexcept
+    : m_impl(std::move(other.m_impl)) {}
+
+auto render_target::operator=(render_target&& other) noexcept -> render_target& {
+    if (this != &other) {
+        m_impl = std::move(other.m_impl);
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+render_target::~render_target() {
+    if (m_impl) {
+        m_impl->cleanup();
+    }
+}
+
+auto render_target::bind() const -> void {
+    if (!valid()) return;
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, m_impl->m_fbo);
+    glViewport(0, 0, m_impl->m_width, m_impl->m_height);
+}
+
+auto render_target::unbind() const -> void {
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+}
+
+auto render_target::color_id() const -> std::uint32_t {
+    return m_impl ? m_impl->m_color.id() : 0;
+}
+
+auto render_target::width() const -> int {
+    return m_impl ? m_impl->m_width : 0;
+}
+
+auto render_target::height() const -> int {
+    return m_impl ? m_impl->m_height : 0;
+}
+
+auto render_target::valid() const -> bool {
+    return m_impl && m_impl->m_valid;
+}
+
+auto render_target::resize(int width, int height) -> void {
+    if (m_impl && m_impl->m_width == width && m_impl->m_height == height) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (m_impl) {
+        m_impl->cleanup();
+    }
+    if (!m_impl) {
+        m_impl = std::make_unique<impl>();
+    }
+    m_impl->build(width, height);
+}
+
+} // namespace cbt::gfx

cbt/gfx.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <span>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "glm/glm.hpp"
+
+namespace cbt::gfx {
+
+enum class primitive_type {
+    triangles
+};
+
+enum class index_type {
+    uint16,
+    uint32
+};
+
+struct attribute_desc {
+    std::uint32_t location = 0;
+    std::uint32_t num_components = 3;
+    std::uint32_t offset = 0;
+};
+
+struct pipeline_desc {
+    std::span<std::byte const> vertex_data{};
+    std::span<std::byte const> index_data{};
+    std::vector<attribute_desc> attributes{};
+    std::uint32_t vertex_stride = 0;
+    char const* vertex_shader_src = nullptr;
+    char const* fragment_shader_src = nullptr;
+    bool depth_test = true;
+    primitive_type primitive = primitive_type::triangles;
+    index_type index_type_ = index_type::uint32;
+};
+
+class pipeline {
+public:
+    pipeline();
+    explicit pipeline(pipeline_desc const& desc);
+    pipeline(pipeline const&) = delete;
+    pipeline(pipeline&& other) noexcept;
+    auto operator=(pipeline const&) -> pipeline& = delete;
+    auto operator=(pipeline&& other) noexcept -> pipeline&;
+    ~pipeline();
+
+    auto valid() const -> bool;
+    auto draw(glm::mat4 const& model, glm::mat4 const& view, glm::mat4 const& proj) const -> void;
+    auto bind_texture(char const* sampler_name, std::uint32_t texture_id, std::uint32_t unit = 0) const -> void;
+    auto bind_vec3(char const* name, glm::vec3 const& v) const -> void;
+    auto bind_float(char const* name, float v) const -> void;
+
+private:
+    struct impl;
+    std::unique_ptr<impl> m_impl;
+};
+
+class render_target {
+public:
+    explicit render_target(int width, int height);
+    render_target(render_target const&) = delete;
+    render_target(render_target&& other) noexcept;
+    auto operator=(render_target const&) -> render_target& = delete;
+    auto operator=(render_target&& other) noexcept -> render_target&;
+    ~render_target();
+
+    auto bind() const -> void;
+    auto unbind() const -> void;
+    auto color_id() const -> std::uint32_t;
+    auto width() const -> int;
+    auto height() const -> int;
+    auto valid() const -> bool;
+    auto resize(int width, int height) -> void;
+
+private:
+    struct impl;
+    std::unique_ptr<impl> m_impl;
+};
+
+} // namespace cbt::gfx

cbt/scene.cpp

@@ -10,4 +10,6 @@ auto scene::update(float) -> void {}
 
 auto scene::render(int, int) -> void {}
 
+auto scene::on_mouse_drag(double, double) -> void {}
+
 }

cbt/scene.hpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ public:
     virtual auto init() -> bool;
     virtual auto update(float delta_time) -> void;
     virtual auto render(int width, int height) -> void;
+    virtual auto on_mouse_drag(double dx, double dy) -> void;
 };
 
 }

cuber.cpp

@@ -14,21 +14,25 @@
 #include "cbt/opengl/context.hpp"
 #include "scenes/cube.hpp"
 #include "scenes/sphere.hpp"
+#include "scenes/cornell_box.hpp"
 
 auto main(int argc, char const* argv[]) -> int {
     float max_duration_seconds = 0.0f;
-    std::string_view scene_name = "cube";
+    std::string scene_name = "cube";  // "cube", "sphere", "cornell_box", or "1"/"2"/"3"
     bool take_screenshot = false;
 
     for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
         std::string_view arg = argv[i];
         if (arg == "--help" || arg == "-h") {
             fmt::print("Usage: {} [options]\n", argv[0]);
+            fmt::print("Flags:\n");
             fmt::print("  --duration <seconds>  Auto-terminate after N seconds (for testing/CI)\n");
-            fmt::print("  --scene <cube|sphere> Select initial scene (default: cube)\n");
+            fmt::print("  --scene <cube|sphere|cornell_box> Select initial scene (default: cube)\n");
             fmt::print("  --screenshot          Render one frame, save screenshot, and exit\n");
-            fmt::print("  S key                 Take screenshot (saved as screenshot.png)\n");
-            fmt::print("  1/2 key               Switch between cube/sphere scene\n");
+            fmt::print("\nKeys (during runtime):\n");
+            fmt::print("  S                     Take screenshot (saved as screenshot.png)\n");
+            fmt::print("  1/2/3                 Switch between cube/sphere/cornell_box scene\n");
+            fmt::print("  Q                     Quit\n");
             return 0;
         }
         if (arg == "--duration" && i + 1 < argc) {
@@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ auto main(int argc, char const* argv[]) -> int {
             continue;
         }
         if (arg == "--scene" && i + 1 < argc) {
-            scene_name = argv[++i];
+            scene_name = argv[++i];  // std::string to avoid string_view lifetime gotchas with argv
             continue;
         }
         if (arg == "--screenshot") {
@@ -64,13 +68,16 @@ auto main(int argc, char const* argv[]) -> int {
 
     auto cube_scn        = cbt::scenes::cube();
     auto sphere_scn      = cbt::scenes::sphere();
+    auto cornell_box_scn = cbt::scenes::cornell_box();
 
     cbt::scene* active_scene = nullptr;
-    if (!cube_scn.init() || !sphere_scn.init()) {
+    if (!cube_scn.init() || !sphere_scn.init() || !cornell_box_scn.init()) {
         return 1;
     }
     if (scene_name == "sphere" || scene_name == "2") {
         active_scene = &sphere_scn;
+    } else if (scene_name == "cornell_box" || scene_name == "3") {
+        active_scene = &cornell_box_scn;
     } else {
         active_scene = &cube_scn;
     }
@@ -100,6 +107,10 @@ auto main(int argc, char const* argv[]) -> int {
     };
 
     // render loop
+    double mouse_x = 0.0, mouse_y = 0.0;
+    glfwGetCursorPos(win.raw(), &mouse_x, &mouse_y);
+    bool mouse_was_down = false;
+
     auto prev = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 
     while (!win.should_close()) {
@@ -117,6 +128,19 @@ auto main(int argc, char const* argv[]) -> int {
         if (glfwGetKey(win.raw(), GLFW_KEY_2) == GLFW_PRESS) {
             active_scene = &sphere_scn;
         }
+        if (glfwGetKey(win.raw(), GLFW_KEY_3) == GLFW_PRESS) {
+            active_scene = &cornell_box_scn;
+        }
+
+        double cur_x = 0.0, cur_y = 0.0;
+        glfwGetCursorPos(win.raw(), &cur_x, &cur_y);
+        bool const mouse_down = glfwGetMouseButton(win.raw(), GLFW_MOUSE_BUTTON_LEFT) == GLFW_PRESS;
+        if (mouse_down && mouse_was_down) {
+            active_scene->on_mouse_drag(cur_x - mouse_x, cur_y - mouse_y);
+        }
+        mouse_x = cur_x;
+        mouse_y = cur_y;
+        mouse_was_down = mouse_down;
 
         auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
         auto dt = std::chrono::duration<float>(now - prev).count();

scenes/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+add_library(scenes_cube STATIC "cube.cpp")
+target_include_directories(scenes_cube PRIVATE "." "..")
+target_compile_features(scenes_cube PRIVATE cxx_std_23)
+target_compile_options(scenes_cube PRIVATE ${BASE_OPTIONS})
+target_compile_definitions(scenes_cube PRIVATE ${BASE_DEFINITIONS})
+target_link_libraries(scenes_cube PUBLIC cbt_scene glm::glm)
+
+add_library(scenes_sphere STATIC "sphere.cpp")
+target_include_directories(scenes_sphere PRIVATE "." "..")
+target_compile_features(scenes_sphere PRIVATE cxx_std_23)
+target_compile_options(scenes_sphere PRIVATE ${BASE_OPTIONS})
+target_compile_definitions(scenes_sphere PRIVATE ${BASE_DEFINITIONS})
+target_link_libraries(scenes_sphere PUBLIC cbt_scene glm::glm)
+
+add_library(scenes_cornell_box STATIC "cornell_box.cpp")
+target_include_directories(scenes_cornell_box PRIVATE "." "..")
+target_compile_features(scenes_cornell_box PRIVATE cxx_std_23)
+target_compile_options(scenes_cornell_box PRIVATE ${BASE_OPTIONS})
+target_compile_definitions(scenes_cornell_box PRIVATE ${BASE_DEFINITIONS})
+target_link_libraries(scenes_cornell_box PUBLIC cbt_scene glm::glm)
+
+# Convenience interface for all scenes
+add_library(scenes INTERFACE)
+target_link_libraries(scenes INTERFACE scenes_cube scenes_sphere scenes_cornell_box)

scenes/cornell_box.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <vector>
+#include <span>
+#include <array>
+
+#include "glad/glad.h"
+#include "glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp"
+
+#include "scenes/cornell_box.hpp"
+
+namespace cbt::scenes {
+
+auto cornell_box::init() -> bool {
+    return build_scene_pipeline() && build_light_pipeline() && build_post_pipeline();
+}
+
+auto cornell_box::update(float) -> void {}
+
+auto cornell_box::on_mouse_drag(double dx, double dy) -> void {
+    float const sensitivity = 0.3f;
+    m_yaw   += float(dx) * sensitivity;
+    m_pitch += float(dy) * sensitivity;
+    m_pitch  = glm::clamp(m_pitch, -80.0f, 80.0f);
+}
+
+auto cornell_box::render(int width, int height) -> void {
+    m_rt.resize(width, height);
+
+    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
+
+    // Offscreen pass
+    m_rt.bind();
+    glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+    float const aspect    = float(width) / float(height);
+    float const yaw_rad   = glm::radians(m_yaw);
+    float const pitch_rad = glm::radians(m_pitch);
+    glm::vec3 const eye{
+        m_radius * sinf(yaw_rad) * cosf(pitch_rad),
+        m_radius * sinf(pitch_rad),
+        m_radius * cosf(yaw_rad) * cosf(pitch_rad),
+    };
+    auto proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(40.0f), aspect, 0.1f, 20.0f);
+    auto view = glm::lookAt(eye, glm::vec3{0.0f}, glm::vec3{0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f});
+
+    m_scene_pipeline.bind_vec3("u_light_pos", {0.0f, 0.9f, 0.0f});
+    m_scene_pipeline.bind_vec3("u_light_color", {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f});
+    m_scene_pipeline.draw(glm::mat4{1.0f}, view, proj);
+
+    m_light_pipeline.draw(glm::mat4{1.0f}, view, proj);
+    m_rt.unbind();
+
+    // Screen pass
+    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
+    glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+    m_post_pipeline.bind_texture("u_texture", m_rt.color_id(), 0);
+    m_post_pipeline.draw(glm::mat4{1.0f}, glm::mat4{1.0f}, glm::mat4{1.0f});
+}
+
+auto cornell_box::build_scene_pipeline() -> bool {
+    char const* vert_src = R"glsl(
+        #version 410 core
+        layout(location = 0) in vec3 a_pos;
+        layout(location = 1) in vec3 a_normal;
+        layout(location = 2) in vec3 a_color;
+        uniform mat4 u_model;
+        uniform mat4 u_view;
+        uniform mat4 u_proj;
+        out vec3 v_normal;
+        out vec3 v_world_pos;
+        out vec3 v_color;
+        void main() {
+            gl_Position = u_proj * u_view * u_model * vec4(a_pos, 1.0);
+            v_normal = a_normal;
+            v_world_pos = a_pos;
+            v_color = a_color;
+        }
+    )glsl";
+
+    char const* frag_src = R"glsl(
+        #version 410 core
+        in vec3 v_normal;
+        in vec3 v_world_pos;
+        in vec3 v_color;
+        uniform vec3 u_light_pos;
+        uniform vec3 u_light_color;
+        out vec4 frag_color;
+        void main() {
+            vec3 n = normalize(v_normal);
+            vec3 l = normalize(u_light_pos - v_world_pos);
+            float diff = max(dot(n, l), 0.0);
+            vec3 ambient = 0.12 * v_color;
+            vec3 diffuse = diff * 0.88 * v_color * u_light_color;
+            frag_color = vec4(ambient + diffuse, 1.0);
+        }
+    )glsl";
+
+    struct vertex {
+        glm::vec3 position;
+        glm::vec3 normal;
+        glm::vec3 color;
+    };
+
+    glm::vec3 const white{0.73f, 0.71f, 0.68f};
+    glm::vec3 const red{0.65f, 0.05f, 0.05f};
+    glm::vec3 const green{0.12f, 0.45f, 0.09f};
+
+    std::vector<vertex> verts;
+    std::vector<std::uint32_t> inds;
+
+    auto add_quad = [&](glm::vec3 p0, glm::vec3 p1, glm::vec3 p2, glm::vec3 p3,
+                        glm::vec3 normal, glm::vec3 color) {
+        auto base = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(verts.size());
+        verts.push_back({p0, normal, color});
+        verts.push_back({p1, normal, color});
+        verts.push_back({p2, normal, color});
+        verts.push_back({p3, normal, color});
+        inds.insert(inds.end(), {base, base + 1, base + 2, base, base + 2, base + 3});
+    };
+
+    // Room walls
+    add_quad({-1,-1, 1}, { 1,-1, 1}, { 1,-1,-1}, {-1,-1,-1}, { 0, 1, 0}, white); // floor
+    add_quad({-1, 1,-1}, { 1, 1,-1}, { 1, 1, 1}, {-1, 1, 1}, { 0,-1, 0}, white); // ceiling
+    add_quad({-1,-1,-1}, { 1,-1,-1}, { 1, 1,-1}, {-1, 1,-1}, { 0, 0, 1}, white); // back
+    add_quad({-1,-1, 1}, {-1, 1, 1}, {-1, 1,-1}, {-1,-1,-1}, { 1, 0, 0}, red);   // left
+    add_quad({ 1,-1,-1}, { 1, 1,-1}, { 1, 1, 1}, { 1,-1, 1}, {-1, 0, 0}, green); // right
+
+    // Boxes: vertices are pre-transformed into world space so the model matrix
+    // stays identity and normals need no runtime adjustment.
+    auto add_box = [&](glm::vec3 center, glm::vec3 half, float y_deg, glm::vec3 color) {
+        float const rad = glm::radians(y_deg);
+        float const cy = cosf(rad);
+        float const sy = sinf(rad);
+        auto ry = [&](glm::vec3 v) -> glm::vec3 {
+            return {v.x * cy + v.z * sy, v.y, -v.x * sy + v.z * cy};
+        };
+
+        glm::vec3 c[8] = {
+            center + ry({-half.x, -half.y, -half.z}),
+            center + ry({ half.x, -half.y, -half.z}),
+            center + ry({ half.x,  half.y, -half.z}),
+            center + ry({-half.x,  half.y, -half.z}),
+            center + ry({-half.x, -half.y,  half.z}),
+            center + ry({ half.x, -half.y,  half.z}),
+            center + ry({ half.x,  half.y,  half.z}),
+            center + ry({-half.x,  half.y,  half.z}),
+        };
+
+        struct face_def { int vi[4]; glm::vec3 n; };
+        face_def const faces[6] = {
+            {{4, 5, 6, 7}, { 0,  0,  1}}, // +Z
+            {{1, 0, 3, 2}, { 0,  0, -1}}, // -Z
+            {{0, 4, 7, 3}, {-1,  0,  0}}, // -X
+            {{5, 1, 2, 6}, { 1,  0,  0}}, // +X
+            {{7, 6, 2, 3}, { 0,  1,  0}}, // +Y
+            {{0, 1, 5, 4}, { 0, -1,  0}}, // -Y
+        };
+
+        for (auto const& f : faces) {
+            glm::vec3 const normal = ry(f.n);
+            auto const base = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(verts.size());
+            for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+                verts.push_back({c[f.vi[i]], normal, color});
+            }
+            inds.insert(inds.end(), {base, base + 1, base + 2, base, base + 2, base + 3});
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Proportions from the original Cornell Box paper (room = 555 units → [-1, 1]).
+    // Tall box: 165×330×165 mm, center at (185, 165, 169), rotated +18°.
+    add_box({-0.33f, -0.40f, -0.39f}, {0.30f, 0.60f, 0.30f},  18.0f, white);
+    // Short box: 165×165×165 mm, center at (370, 82.5, 351), rotated -15°.
+    add_box({ 0.33f, -0.70f,  0.27f}, {0.30f, 0.30f, 0.30f}, -15.0f, white);
+
+    gfx::pipeline_desc desc{
+        .vertex_data   = std::as_bytes(std::span{verts}),
+        .index_data    = std::as_bytes(std::span{inds}),
+        .attributes    = {
+            {.location = 0, .num_components = 3, .offset =  0},
+            {.location = 1, .num_components = 3, .offset = 12},
+            {.location = 2, .num_components = 3, .offset = 24},
+        },
+        .vertex_stride = sizeof(vertex),
+        .vertex_shader_src   = vert_src,
+        .fragment_shader_src = frag_src,
+        .depth_test    = true,
+        .primitive     = gfx::primitive_type::triangles,
+        .index_type_   = gfx::index_type::uint32
+    };
+
+    m_scene_pipeline = gfx::pipeline{desc};
+    return m_scene_pipeline.valid();
+}
+
+auto cornell_box::build_light_pipeline() -> bool {
+    char const* vert_src = R"glsl(
+        #version 410 core
+        layout(location = 0) in vec3 a_pos;
+        uniform mat4 u_model;
+        uniform mat4 u_view;
+        uniform mat4 u_proj;
+        void main() {
+            gl_Position = u_proj * u_view * u_model * vec4(a_pos, 1.0);
+        }
+    )glsl";
+
+    char const* frag_src = R"glsl(
+        #version 410 core
+        out vec4 frag_color;
+        void main() {
+            frag_color = vec4(1.5, 1.4, 1.2, 1.0);
+        }
+    )glsl";
+
+    struct pos_vertex { glm::vec3 position; };
+
+    // Ceiling light panel inset slightly from y=1 to avoid z-fighting with ceiling.
+    std::array<pos_vertex, 4> const light_verts = {{
+        {{-0.35f, 0.995f, -0.35f}},
+        {{ 0.35f, 0.995f, -0.35f}},
+        {{ 0.35f, 0.995f,  0.35f}},
+        {{-0.35f, 0.995f,  0.35f}},
+    }};
+    std::array<std::uint32_t, 6> const light_inds = {0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3};
+
+    gfx::pipeline_desc desc{
+        .vertex_data   = std::as_bytes(std::span{light_verts}),
+        .index_data    = std::as_bytes(std::span{light_inds}),
+        .attributes    = {
+            {.location = 0, .num_components = 3, .offset = 0},
+        },
+        .vertex_stride = sizeof(pos_vertex),
+        .vertex_shader_src   = vert_src,
+        .fragment_shader_src = frag_src,
+        .depth_test    = true,
+        .primitive     = gfx::primitive_type::triangles,
+        .index_type_   = gfx::index_type::uint32
+    };
+
+    m_light_pipeline = gfx::pipeline{desc};
+    return m_light_pipeline.valid();
+}
+
+auto cornell_box::build_post_pipeline() -> bool {
+    char const* post_vert = R"glsl(
+        #version 410 core
+        layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_pos;
+        layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_uv;
+        out vec2 v_uv;
+        void main() {
+            gl_Position = vec4(a_pos, 0.0, 1.0);
+            v_uv = a_uv;
+        }
+    )glsl";
+
+    char const* post_frag = R"glsl(
+        #version 410 core
+        in vec2 v_uv;
+        uniform sampler2D u_texture;
+        out vec4 frag_color;
+        void main() {
+            vec3 col = texture(u_texture, v_uv).rgb;
+            float vig = 1.0 - length(v_uv * 2.0 - 1.0) * 0.35;
+            frag_color = vec4(col * vig, 1.0);
+        }
+    )glsl";
+
+    struct fs_vertex { glm::vec2 pos; glm::vec2 uv; };
+
+    std::array<fs_vertex, 4> const qverts = {{
+        {{-1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}},
+        {{ 1.0f, -1.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
+        {{ 1.0f,  1.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
+        {{-1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}},
+    }};
+    std::array<std::uint32_t, 6> const qinds = {0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3};
+
+    gfx::pipeline_desc desc{
+        .vertex_data   = std::as_bytes(std::span{qverts}),
+        .index_data    = std::as_bytes(std::span{qinds}),
+        .attributes    = {
+            {.location = 0, .num_components = 2, .offset = 0},
+            {.location = 1, .num_components = 2, .offset = 8},
+        },
+        .vertex_stride = sizeof(fs_vertex),
+        .vertex_shader_src   = post_vert,
+        .fragment_shader_src = post_frag,
+        .depth_test    = false,
+        .primitive     = gfx::primitive_type::triangles,
+        .index_type_   = gfx::index_type::uint32
+    };
+
+    m_post_pipeline = gfx::pipeline{desc};
+    return m_post_pipeline.valid();
+}
+
+}

scenes/cornell_box.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "glm/glm.hpp"
+
+#include "cbt/scene.hpp"
+#include "cbt/gfx.hpp"
+
+namespace cbt::scenes {
+
+class cornell_box final : public scene {
+public:
+    auto init() -> bool override;
+    auto update(float delta_time) -> void override;
+    auto render(int width, int height) -> void override;
+    auto on_mouse_drag(double dx, double dy) -> void override;
+
+private:
+    gfx::pipeline m_scene_pipeline;
+    gfx::pipeline m_light_pipeline;
+    gfx::pipeline m_post_pipeline;
+    gfx::render_target m_rt{0, 0};
+
+    float m_yaw    = 0.0f;  // degrees, horizontal orbit
+    float m_pitch  = 0.0f;  // degrees, vertical orbit
+    float m_radius = 4.0f;
+
+    auto build_scene_pipeline() -> bool;
+    auto build_light_pipeline() -> bool;
+    auto build_post_pipeline() -> bool;
+};
+
+}

scenes/cube.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #include <array>
+#include <span>
 
 #include "glad/glad.h"
 #include "glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp"
-#include "glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp"
 
 #include "scenes/cube.hpp"
 
@@ -13,17 +13,17 @@ cube::cube() {
 }
 
 auto cube::init() -> bool {
-    if (!build_shader()) {
+    if (!build_pipeline()) {
         return false;
     }
-    build_mesh();
-    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
     return true;
 }
 
 auto cube::update(float) -> void {}
 
 auto cube::render(int width, int height) -> void {
+    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
+
     auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
     auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration<float>(now - m_start).count();
 
@@ -35,18 +35,33 @@ auto cube::render(int width, int height) -> void {
     auto view = glm::translate(glm::mat4{1.0f}, glm::vec3{0.0f, 0.0f, -3.0f});
     auto model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4{1.0f}, elapsed, glm::vec3{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.3f});
 
-    m_prog.use();
-    glUniformMatrix4fv(m_loc_proj, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(proj));
-    glUniformMatrix4fv(m_loc_view, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
-    glUniformMatrix4fv(m_loc_model, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
-
-    m_vao.bind();
-    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
-    m_vao.unbind();
-    m_prog.unuse();
+    m_pipeline.draw(model, view, proj);
 }
 
-auto cube::build_mesh() -> void {
+auto cube::build_pipeline() -> bool {
+    char const* vert_src = R"glsl(
+        #version 410 core
+        layout(location = 0) in vec3 a_pos;
+        layout(location = 1) in vec3 a_color;
+        uniform mat4 u_model;
+        uniform mat4 u_view;
+        uniform mat4 u_proj;
+        out vec3 v_color;
+        void main() {
+            gl_Position = u_proj * u_view * u_model * vec4(a_pos, 1.0);
+            v_color = a_color;
+        }
+    )glsl";
+
+    char const* frag_src = R"glsl(
+        #version 410 core
+        in vec3 v_color;
+        out vec4 frag_color;
+        void main() {
+            frag_color = vec4(v_color, 1.0);
+        }
+    )glsl";
+
     std::array<float, 36 * 6> vertices = {
         // front face (cyan)
          0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
@@ -97,52 +112,22 @@ auto cube::build_mesh() -> void {
         -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f,
     };
 
-    m_vbo.upload(vertices.data(), vertices.size() * sizeof(float));
+    gfx::pipeline_desc desc{
+        .vertex_data = std::as_bytes(std::span{vertices}),
+        .attributes = {
+            {.location = 0, .num_components = 3, .offset = 0},
+            {.location = 1, .num_components = 3, .offset = 12},
+        },
+        .vertex_stride = 24,
+        .vertex_shader_src = vert_src,
+        .fragment_shader_src = frag_src,
+        .depth_test = true,
+        .primitive = gfx::primitive_type::triangles
+        // no index data
+    };
 
-    m_vao.bind();
-    m_vbo.bind();
-    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
-    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), nullptr);
-    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
-    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float),
-                         reinterpret_cast<void*>(3 * sizeof(float)));
-    m_vbo.unbind();
-    m_vao.unbind();
-}
-
-auto cube::build_shader() -> bool {
-    char const* vert_src = R"glsl(
-        #version 410 core
-        layout(location = 0) in vec3 a_pos;
-        layout(location = 1) in vec3 a_color;
-        uniform mat4 u_model;
-        uniform mat4 u_view;
-        uniform mat4 u_proj;
-        out vec3 v_color;
-        void main() {
-            gl_Position = u_proj * u_view * u_model * vec4(a_pos, 1.0);
-            v_color = a_color;
-        }
-    )glsl";
-
-    char const* frag_src = R"glsl(
-        #version 410 core
-        in vec3 v_color;
-        out vec4 frag_color;
-        void main() {
-            frag_color = vec4(v_color, 1.0);
-        }
-    )glsl";
-
-    if (!m_prog.compile_vertex(vert_src) || !m_prog.compile_fragment(frag_src) || !m_prog.link()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    m_loc_proj = glGetUniformLocation(m_prog.id(), "u_proj");
-    m_loc_view = glGetUniformLocation(m_prog.id(), "u_view");
-    m_loc_model = glGetUniformLocation(m_prog.id(), "u_model");
-
-    return true;
+    m_pipeline = gfx::pipeline{desc};
+    return m_pipeline.valid();
 }
 
 }

scenes/cube.hpp

@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@
 #include "glm/glm.hpp"
 
 #include "cbt/scene.hpp"
-#include "cbt/opengl/buffer.hpp"
-#include "cbt/opengl/shader.hpp"
-#include "cbt/opengl/vao.hpp"
+#include "cbt/gfx.hpp"
 
 namespace cbt::scenes {
 
@@ -19,18 +17,11 @@ public:
     auto render(int width, int height) -> void override;
 
 private:
-    opengl::shader m_prog;
-    opengl::buffer m_vbo;
-    opengl::vao m_vao;
-
-    GLint m_loc_proj = -1;
-    GLint m_loc_view = -1;
-    GLint m_loc_model = -1;
+    gfx::pipeline m_pipeline;
 
     std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point m_start;
 
-    auto build_mesh() -> void;
-    auto build_shader() -> bool;
+    auto build_pipeline() -> bool;
 };
 
 }

scenes/sphere.cpp

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <vector>
+#include <span>
+#include <array>
 
 #include "glad/glad.h"
 #include "glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp"
-#include "glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp"
 
 #include "scenes/sphere.hpp"
 
@@ -15,11 +16,9 @@ sphere::sphere() {
 }
 
 auto sphere::init() -> bool {
-    if (!build_shader()) {
+    if (!build_pipeline() || !build_post_pipeline()) {
         return false;
     }
-    build_mesh();
-    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -29,6 +28,12 @@ auto sphere::render(int width, int height) -> void {
     auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
     auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration<float>(now - m_start).count();
 
+    m_rt.resize(width, height);
+
+    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
+
+    // Step 1: Render scene to texture (offscreen pass)
+    m_rt.bind();
     glClearColor(0.15f, 0.15f, 0.2f, 1.0f);
     glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
 
@@ -37,18 +42,59 @@ auto sphere::render(int width, int height) -> void {
     auto view = glm::translate(glm::mat4{1.0f}, glm::vec3{0.0f, 0.0f, -4.0f});
     auto model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4{1.0f}, elapsed, glm::vec3{1.0f, 0.3f, 0.2f});
 
-    m_prog.use();
-    glUniformMatrix4fv(m_loc_proj, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(proj));
-    glUniformMatrix4fv(m_loc_view, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
-    glUniformMatrix4fv(m_loc_model, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
+    m_scene_pipeline.draw(model, view, proj);
+    m_rt.unbind();
 
-    m_vao.bind();
-    glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, m_index_count, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, nullptr);
-    m_vao.unbind();
-    m_prog.unuse();
+    // Reset viewport for screen pass (RT bind changed it)
+    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
+
+    // Step 2: Post-processing step (sample RT texture, apply effect, render to screen)
+    glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+    m_post_pipeline.bind_texture("u_texture", m_rt.color_id(), 0);
+    m_post_pipeline.draw(glm::mat4{1.0f}, glm::mat4{1.0f}, glm::mat4{1.0f});
 }
 
-auto sphere::build_mesh() -> void {
+auto sphere::build_pipeline() -> bool {
+    char const* vert_src = R"glsl(
+        #version 410 core
+        layout(location = 0) in vec3 a_pos;
+        layout(location = 1) in vec3 a_normal;
+        layout(location = 2) in vec2 a_uv;
+        layout(location = 3) in vec3 a_color;
+        uniform mat4 u_model;
+        uniform mat4 u_view;
+        uniform mat4 u_proj;
+        out vec3 v_normal;
+        out vec3 v_world_pos;
+        out vec2 v_uv;
+        out vec3 v_color;
+        void main() {
+            gl_Position = u_proj * u_view * u_model * vec4(a_pos, 1.0);
+            v_normal = mat3(u_model) * a_normal;
+            v_world_pos = (u_model * vec4(a_pos, 1.0)).xyz;
+            v_uv = a_uv;
+            v_color = a_color;
+        }
+    )glsl";
+
+    char const* frag_src = R"glsl(
+        #version 410 core
+        in vec3 v_normal;
+        in vec3 v_world_pos;
+        in vec2 v_uv;
+        in vec3 v_color;
+        out vec4 frag_color;
+        void main() {
+            vec3 light_dir = normalize(vec3(1.0, 1.0, 2.0));
+            vec3 normal = normalize(v_normal);
+            float diff = max(dot(normal, light_dir), 0.0);
+            vec3 ambient = vec3(0.2);
+            vec3 result = (ambient + diff * 0.8) * v_color;
+            frag_color = vec4(result, 1.0);
+        }
+    )glsl";
+
     struct vertex {
         glm::vec3 position;
         glm::vec3 normal;
@@ -127,88 +173,82 @@ auto sphere::build_mesh() -> void {
         offset += div * div;
     }
 
-    m_index_count = static_cast<GLsizei>(indices.size());
+    gfx::pipeline_desc desc{
+        .vertex_data = std::as_bytes(std::span{vertices}),
+        .index_data = std::as_bytes(std::span{indices}),
+        .attributes = {
+            {.location = 0, .num_components = 3, .offset = 0},
+            {.location = 1, .num_components = 3, .offset = 12},
+            {.location = 2, .num_components = 2, .offset = 24},
+            {.location = 3, .num_components = 3, .offset = 32},
+        },
+        .vertex_stride = sizeof(vertex),
+        .vertex_shader_src = vert_src,
+        .fragment_shader_src = frag_src,
+        .depth_test = true,
+        .primitive = gfx::primitive_type::triangles,
+        .index_type_ = gfx::index_type::uint32
+    };
 
-    m_vbo.upload(vertices.data(), vertices.size() * sizeof(vertex));
-    m_ebo.upload(indices.data(), indices.size() * sizeof(std::uint32_t));
-
-    m_vao.bind();
-    m_vbo.bind();
-    m_ebo.bind();
-
-    // location 0: position (vec3)
-    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
-    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(vertex), nullptr);
-
-    // location 1: normal (vec3)
-    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
-    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(vertex),
-                         reinterpret_cast<void*>(3 * sizeof(float)));
-
-    // location 2: uv (vec2)
-    glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
-    glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(vertex),
-                         reinterpret_cast<void*>(6 * sizeof(float)));
-
-    // location 3: color (vec3)
-    glEnableVertexAttribArray(3);
-    glVertexAttribPointer(3, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(vertex),
-                         reinterpret_cast<void*>(8 * sizeof(float)));
-
-    m_vao.unbind();
-    m_vbo.unbind();
-    m_ebo.unbind();
+    m_scene_pipeline = gfx::pipeline{desc};
+    return m_scene_pipeline.valid();
 }
 
-auto sphere::build_shader() -> bool {
-    char const* vert_src = R"glsl(
+auto sphere::build_post_pipeline() -> bool {
+    char const* post_vert = R"glsl(
         #version 410 core
-        layout(location = 0) in vec3 a_pos;
-        layout(location = 1) in vec3 a_normal;
-        layout(location = 2) in vec2 a_uv;
-        layout(location = 3) in vec3 a_color;
-        uniform mat4 u_model;
-        uniform mat4 u_view;
-        uniform mat4 u_proj;
-        out vec3 v_normal;
-        out vec3 v_world_pos;
+        layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_pos;
+        layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_uv;
         out vec2 v_uv;
-        out vec3 v_color;
         void main() {
-            gl_Position = u_proj * u_view * u_model * vec4(a_pos, 1.0);
-            v_normal = mat3(u_model) * a_normal;
-            v_world_pos = (u_model * vec4(a_pos, 1.0)).xyz;
+            gl_Position = vec4(a_pos, 0.0, 1.0);
             v_uv = a_uv;
-            v_color = a_color;
         }
     )glsl";
 
-    char const* frag_src = R"glsl(
+    char const* post_frag = R"glsl(
         #version 410 core
-        in vec3 v_normal;
-        in vec3 v_world_pos;
         in vec2 v_uv;
-        in vec3 v_color;
+        uniform sampler2D u_texture;
         out vec4 frag_color;
         void main() {
-            vec3 light_dir = normalize(vec3(1.0, 1.0, 2.0));
-            vec3 normal = normalize(v_normal);
-            float diff = max(dot(normal, light_dir), 0.0);
-            vec3 ambient = vec3(0.2);
-            vec3 result = (ambient + diff * 0.8) * v_color;
-            frag_color = vec4(result, 1.0);
+            vec3 col = texture(u_texture, v_uv).rgb;
+            // simple processing: vignette only (preserves original colors from sphere faces)
+            float vig = 1.0 - length(v_uv * 2.0 - 1.0) * 0.5;
+            frag_color = vec4(col * vig, 1.0);
         }
     )glsl";
 
-    if (!m_prog.compile_vertex(vert_src) || !m_prog.compile_fragment(frag_src) || !m_prog.link()) {
-        return false;
-    }
+    struct fs_vertex {
+        glm::vec2 pos;
+        glm::vec2 uv;
+    };
 
-    m_loc_proj = glGetUniformLocation(m_prog.id(), "u_proj");
-    m_loc_view = glGetUniformLocation(m_prog.id(), "u_view");
-    m_loc_model = glGetUniformLocation(m_prog.id(), "u_model");
+    std::array<fs_vertex, 4> qverts = {{
+        {{-1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}},
+        {{ 1.0f, -1.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
+        {{ 1.0f,  1.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
+        {{-1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}},
+    }};
+    std::array<std::uint32_t, 6> qinds = {0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3};
 
-    return true;
+    gfx::pipeline_desc desc{
+        .vertex_data = std::as_bytes(std::span{qverts}),
+        .index_data = std::as_bytes(std::span{qinds}),
+        .attributes = {
+            {.location = 0, .num_components = 2, .offset = 0},
+            {.location = 1, .num_components = 2, .offset = 8},
+        },
+        .vertex_stride = sizeof(fs_vertex),
+        .vertex_shader_src = post_vert,
+        .fragment_shader_src = post_frag,
+        .depth_test = false,
+        .primitive = gfx::primitive_type::triangles,
+        .index_type_ = gfx::index_type::uint32
+    };
+
+    m_post_pipeline = gfx::pipeline{desc};
+    return m_post_pipeline.valid();
 }
 
 }

scenes/sphere.hpp

@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@
 #include "glm/glm.hpp"
 
 #include "cbt/scene.hpp"
-#include "cbt/opengl/buffer.hpp"
-#include "cbt/opengl/shader.hpp"
-#include "cbt/opengl/vao.hpp"
+#include "cbt/gfx.hpp"
 
 namespace cbt::scenes {
 
@@ -19,21 +17,14 @@ public:
     auto render(int width, int height) -> void override;
 
 private:
-    opengl::shader m_prog;
-    opengl::buffer m_vbo;
-    opengl::buffer m_ebo{opengl::buffer_type::index};
-    opengl::vao m_vao;
-
-    GLint m_loc_proj = -1;
-    GLint m_loc_view = -1;
-    GLint m_loc_model = -1;
-
-    GLsizei m_index_count = 0;
+    gfx::pipeline m_scene_pipeline;
+    gfx::pipeline m_post_pipeline;
+    gfx::render_target m_rt{0, 0};
 
     std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point m_start;
 
-    auto build_mesh() -> void;
-    auto build_shader() -> bool;
+    auto build_pipeline() -> bool;
+    auto build_post_pipeline() -> bool;
 };
 
 }